Overall, the two animals typically ignore each other when there is no food or young at stake. (2006). Older females show a similar preference, with the addition of preferring males with whom they have had long and friendly prior relationships. [178], In Tanzania, spotted hyena cubs may be taken from a communal den by witchdoctors, in order to increase their social status. The spotted hyena also has its carnassials situated behind its bone-crushing premolars, the position of which allows it to crush bone with its premolars without blunting the carnassials. Each foot has four digits, which are webbed and armed with short, stout and blunt claws. [88] When hunting Thomson's gazelles, spotted hyenas usually operate alone, and prey primarily on young fawns. Clan boundaries are usually respected; hyenas chasing prey have been observed to stop dead in their tracks once their prey crosses into another clan's range. He further states that "The sons of Israel are like this animal since in the beginning they served the living God but later, given over to pleasure and lust, they adored idols." Dens have large bare patches around their entrances, where hyenas move or lie down on. [143][159] There is fossil evidence of humans in Middle Pleistocene Europe butchering and presumably consuming spotted hyenas. Emitted on the approach of another, unwelcome hyena, and may be followed by chasing, Similar to above, but more "ooo" sounding and higher in pitch, "Ooo" sound with a usually low pitch and lasts several seconds.
In 1551, Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner rejected the belief of the hyena's hermaphroditism, and theorised that it originated from confusion over an androgynous fish bearing the same name. Chases are usually initiated by one hyena and, with the exception of cows with calves, there is little active defence from the wildebeest herd. [162] Victims of spotted hyenas tend to be women, children and sick or infirm men,[163] and there are numerous cases of biologists in Africa being forced up trees in order to escape them. Unlike stallions, mares typically only react aggressively to hyenas when their foals are threatened. The general tone is an "oo" tone which begins in a low pitch and ends with a high note. Once the muscles have been eaten, the carcass is disassembled and the hyenas carry off pieces to eat in peace. Anonymous. [76] The average litter consists of two cubs, with three occasionally being reported. [181] During the research leading to the composition of his monograph The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior, Hans Kruuk kept a tame hyena he named Solomon. The earliest recorded mention of Κροκόττας is from Strabo's Geographica, where the animal is described as a mix of wolf and dog native to Ethiopia. in Arabic -ضـبـع -/ dhab'a/ 0 0. [47], The spotted hyena is the largest extant member of the Hyaenidae. [64] However, rank in spotted hyena cubs is greatly dependent on the presence of the mother; low-ranking adults may act aggressively toward higher-ranking cubs when the mother is absent. * laugh like + a hyena = reírse como una hiena. [14], The spotted hyena is a highly successful animal, being the most common large carnivore in Africa. In contrast, chimps and other primates often require extensive training, and cooperation between individuals is not always as easy for them. Creel, Scott; Creel, Nancy Marusha (2002). One study of the hyena immune system showed that captive hyenas had lower levels for immune defenses than hyenas from the wild population that was used to establish the captive population. Spotted hyenas prefer prey with a body mass range of 56–182 kg (123–401 lb), with a mode of 102 kg (225 lb). Also, many captive individuals have not been closely examined to confirm their sexes, thus resulting in non-breeding pairs often turning out to be same-sexed individuals. [162] Attacks occur most commonly in September, when many people sleep outdoors, and bush fires make the hunting of wild game difficult for hyenas. Though still poisoned and trapped in retaliation against livestock depredations, the species is otherwise tolerated. [151] In Ethiopia, hyenas were reported to feed extensively on the corpses of victims of the 1960 attempted coup[166] and the Red Terror. He further states that "The sons of Israel are like this animal since in the beginning they served the living God but later, given over to pleasure and lust, they adored idols." Running in a fleeing posture with the mouth slightly open, When attacked or chased, usually over a kill, A loud, high pitched call lasting several seconds, As with the giggle, but when actually being bitten, A loud, rattling, low pitched sound lasting several seconds, with an "aa" and "oh" quality, When under attack, preceding a retaliatory bite, A rapid succession of low pitched, soft sounding staccato grunts lasting several seconds, The mouth is closed or slightly open with a fleeing posture and the tail horizontal or high and the ears cocked, When fleeing in surprise from a lion, man or when attacking large prey, Louder than the soft grunt-laugh, though still not very loud, and often lasts more than 5 minutes, The mouth is the same as in the soft grunt-laugh, but with the tail high and ears cocked, In encounters with lions or other hyena clans, Loud, high pitched, rapid, drawn out "eeee" sounding squeals, The mouth is slightly open with the head and tail hanging low, Mostly used by cubs when following a female before suckling, or when thwarted from getting food, Same as above, but softer and without the staccato quality, The mouth is slightly open with the ears flattened and the head tilted to one side with the teeth bared, Used by both cubs and adults encountering a clan-mate after a long separation, Although present, its numbers are unknown due to the. From Yugipedia. The earliest migration of spotted hyenas from Africa to Eurasia began less than 3.5 million years ago, most probably from the area where the first spotted hyena fossils were discovered, reaching East Asia and most likely also Pakistan. One study in northern Kenya revealed that 90% of all cases of livestock predation by hyenas occurred in areas outside the protection of thorn fences. When a witch acquires a hyena mount, he rides it to distant lands in order to bewitch victims and return safely home before morning. In Chobe, the spotted hyena's primary prey consists of migratory zebra and resident impala. After giving birth, the pseudo-penis is stretched, and loses many of its original aspects; it becomes a slack-walled and reduced prepuce with an enlarged orifice with split lips. [140] During the 1770s and 1780s the species was still widespread in southern and western South Africa, being recorded i.a. Although they do not wag their tails, spotted hyenas will flick their tails when approaching dominant animals or when there is a slight tendency to flee. A less distinct spot pattern is present on the legs and belly but not on the throat and chest. A broad, medial band is present on the back of the neck, and is lengthened into a forward facing crest. Lv 6. [63] High-ranking hyenas maintain their position through aggression directed against lower-ranking clan-members. In their narrative, the supreme god Murungu sent a mole to inform humanity that they would be reborn after death. [19], Natural historians of the 18th and 19th centuries rejected stories of hermaphroditism in hyenas, and recognised the differences between the spotted and striped hyena. [155], Traditional Western beliefs about the spotted hyena can be traced back to Aristotle's Historia Animalium, which described the species as a necrophagous, cowardly and potentially dangerous animal. [160], Several authors during the Scramble for Africa attested that, despite its physical strength, the spotted hyena poses no danger to hunters when captured or cornered. [23], The first detailed first-hand descriptions of the spotted hyena by Europeans come from Willem Bosman and Peter Kolbe. The author compared the species to "double-minded men" who are neither "man nor woman, that is, neither faithful nor unfaithful". sivalensis. [69] Like many feliform species, the spotted hyena is promiscuous, and no enduring pair bonds are formed. [6] Unusually among hyaenids, and mammals in general, the female spotted hyena is considerably larger than the male. Natal's spotted hyenas have been increasing in number within all game preserves and nature reserves, where they are protected. [84] The general form of a spotted hyena den is tunnel-shaped, with a spacious end chamber used for sleeping or breeding. The tail usually hangs down when neutral, though it will change position according to the situation. Another hunting method was to trap them in their dens and dazzle them with torchlight, before stabbing them in the heart with a long knife.
[37] Both sexes have a pair of anal glands which open into the rectum just inside the anal opening. Because of the specimen's steeped profile, it is thought that the painting was originally meant to represent a cave bear, but was modified as a hyena. Explicit, negative judgments occur in the Physiologus, where the animal is depicted as a hermaphrodite and grave-robber.
The body and the long neck have spots, including the flanks. The microfilaria of Dipetalonema dracuneuloides have been recorded in spotted hyenas in northern Kenya. Daniell, Samuele; Barrow, Sir John; Somerville, William (1820), "Were the Late Pleistocene climatic changes responsible for the disappearance of the European spotted hyena populations? Trichinella spiralis are found as cysts in hyena muscles. [151] In Khoikhoi mythology, the spotted hyena is often the butt of the jackal's tricks. It also carries protozoan parasites of the genus Hepatozoon in the Serengeti, Kenya and South Africa. Hyenas travelling in another clan's home range typically exhibit bodily postures associated with fear, particularly when meeting other hyenas. [63][80] Cubs will nurse from their mother for 12–16 months, though they can process solid food as early as three months. Alfred Brehm wrote that the spotted hyena is harder to tame than the striped hyena, and that performing specimens in circuses were not up to standard.
[57][58] The formation of the pseudo-penis appears largely androgen independent, as the pseudo-penis appears in the female fetus before differentiation of the fetal ovary and adrenal gland. [151] In Ethiopia, hyenas were reported to feed extensively on the corpses of victims of the 1960 attempted coup[166] and the Red Terror.
The ontogeny of the urogenital system of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben). This sound can be heard more than 5 km away. The bestiaries of the Middle Ages embraced the Physiologus's descriptions, but further elaborated on the animal's necrophagous habits.
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