Male-male competition magnifies inbreeding depression in wild house mice. Whereas selfing is common in many plants and a surprising number of animals (for example, gastropods), and hence F=0.5 is a realistic level of inbreeding for such species, F=0.25, as obtained under parent–offspring or full-sib mating, is generally rare in wild populations of animals that only have biparental inbreeding (see below). Taken together, experimental studies in animals and plants show clear evidence for inbreeding depression by environment interactions (ID × E). Pedigree error due to extra-pair reproduction subsntatially biases estimates of inbreeding depresson. Climate and population density induce long-term cohort variation in a northern ungulate. None of the inbreeding estimators, either of the offspring, or of their mothers, explained significant variation in a lamb's birth weight or probability of surviving the neonatal period, suggesting low inbreeding depression for these traits.
Experimental work in Drosophila suggests that ID × E effects occur because of the expression of different deleterious recessive alleles under different conditions, such that purging is likely to be environment specific (Bijlsma et al., 1999), a prediction supported by a direct test (Swindell and Bouzat, 2006). Second, it is possible that experimental studies sometimes actually impose higher levels of stress than organisms experience in the wild. Science 292: 1528–1531. However, there are at least two ways in which they can contribute to the field to its advantage. Bérénos C, Ellis PA, Pilkington JG, Lee SH, Gratten J, Pemberton JM . PLoS One 4: e4668. Keller LF, Grant PR, Grant BR, Petren K .
(2009). Mol Ecol 13: 3021–3031. There is no place like St Kilda. Nature 502: 93–95. Village Bay population size is strongly correlated with the whole island population size (r2=0.90). Two tests on two different traits showed a pattern of ID × E in the opposite direction to that expected (that is, inbreeding depression less severe at high density) but neither was statistically significant. Pemberton, Research output: Contribution to journal › Article. In Soay sheep, despite the population being an island isolate, rates of inbreeding are low and variation in inbreeding is also low. Mol Ecol 23: 3434–3451. Inbreeding depression in benign and stressful environments.
title = "Heterozygosity, inbreeding and neonatal traits in Soay sheep on St Kilda".
(2002). Given the potential role of purging, this again makes wild population studies desirable. Pilkington and J.M.
Estimating selection on the act of inbreeding in a population with strong inbreeding depression. (2002). Severe inbreeding depression in collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis. Heredity 83: 260–270.
One obvious reason for our failure to detect convincing interaction terms may be a lack of power in the data set.
Nielsen JF, English S, Goodall-Copestake WP, Wang J, Walling CA, Bateman AW et al. Inbreeding effects in wild populations. To estimate the effects of population density (E) and inbreeding depression (ID) and the interaction between them, two parallel models were run. Grueber CE, Waters JM, Jamieson IG . Welcome to the St Kilda Soay Sheep Project.
VSN International Ltd: Hemel Hempstead, UK. Charlesworth D, Willis JH .
Nat Commun.
We have previously shown that this estimator is more strongly associated with a range of fitness components and aspects of juvenile body size than either pedigree inbreeding or several other genomic estimators (Bérénos et al., 2016). ISSN 1365-2540 (online), Inbreeding depression by environment interactions in a free-living mammal population, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Consistent scaling of inbreeding depression in space and time in a house sparrow metapopulation, Inbreeding depression for kit survival at birth in a rabbit population under long-term selection, Accounting for cryptic population substructure enhances detection of inbreeding depression with genomic inbreeding coefficients: an example from a critically endangered marsupial, Effect of inbreeding on kittens’ body mass in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Behavioural avoidance of sperm ageing depends on genetic similarity of mates in a monogamous seabird, Special Issue: Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Population Genetics Group Meeting. (2007). A second advantage of in situ studies is that the environmental heterogeneity experienced by a population is generally that which it has evolved to deal with. After establishing which population density had the strongest effect, we then ran the exact same model, but including the interaction term between population density and FGRM, and the interaction was fitted both for maternal and individual FGRM (model 2). Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, J M Pemberton, P E Ellis, J G Pilkington & C Bérénos, You can also search for this author in Age, sex, density, winter weather, and population crashes in Soay sheep. Random terms included an additive genetic effect, a year of birth effect, a maternal additive genetic effect and a maternal environmental effect representing remaining effects due to the identity of the mother that have also all previously been shown to contribute significantly to trait variance (Bérénos et al., 2014).
Comparable estimates for mean and variance in inbreeding in other wild populations are hard to obtain from the current literature, but strongly suggest that levels of inbreeding in species with only biparental inbreeding are low.
N2 - We investigated whether birth weight and neonatal survival, a period within which 24% of all mortalities occur, were correlated with levels of inbreeding in St Kilda Soay sheep, using pedigree inbreeding coefficients and four marker-based estimators of inbreeding.
GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. A total of 37 037 autosomal SNP loci remained after quality control. Article Evolution 56: 1229–1239. Even when using a relatively complete portion of the pedigree, in which all individuals had known maternal and paternal grandparents, the correlation was found to be weak (r = −0.207, where mean f = 0.0168). Thus, although using FGRM approximately doubles the proportion of individuals with non-zero inbreeding coefficients, and provides rich detail on the inbreeding status of each individual, most of the variation detected is because of individuals with small deviations above and below zero FGRM (Figure 1), and the variance is less than doubled compared with Fped.
An experimental study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat.
Birth weight was included in the models of first winter survival as we were interested in the effects of inbreeding on fitness over and above the effects it may have through reduced birth weight (Jones et al., 2005). Milner JM, Albon SD, Illius AW, Pemberton JM, Clutton-Brock TH . Clutton-Brock TH, Grenfell BT, Coulson T, MacColl ADC, Illius AW, Forchhammer MC et al. In the analysis of inbreeding depression described above (Bérénos et al., 2016), year of birth and/or year of measurement was included as a random effect in the models to account for variation in conditions between years. (2004). The prediction of adaptive evolution: empirical application of the secondary theorem of selection and comparison to the breeder’s equation.
Evolution 68: 802–815. Variation in actual relationship among descendants of inbred individuals. FGRM is a genome-wide estimate of inbreeding that is a weighted average across all loci (Fhat3 in Yang et al., 2011) and was calculated in the GCTA software (Yang et al., 2011). NIH HHS
Soay sheep are descended from the domesticated sheep present in northwest Europe in the Bronze Age, and are thought to have been taken to the St Kilda archipelago (57°49′N, 08°34′W, 65 km northwest of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland) several thousand years ago (Clutton-Brock et al. Mol Ecol 18: 2746–2765.
Soay Sheep: Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. Mol Ecol 13: 3021–3031.
(1999).
Powered by Pure, Scopus & Elsevier Fingerprint Engine™ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. J Evol Biol. In summary, of the nine traits studied, we conducted 14 tests for ID × E (considering both focal and maternal inbreeding). To estimate additive and maternal genetic effects, relatedness matrices were calculated using the pedigree.
Quality control was performed in PLINK (Purcell et al., 2007). Hill WG, Weir BS . Inbreeding depression by environment interactions in a free-living mammal population. Soay Sheep: Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. Inbreeding and inbreeding depression of early life traits in a cooperative mammal.
In: Charmantier A, Garant D, Kruuk LEB eds.
Chapman JR, Nakagawa S, Coltman DW, Slate J, Sheldon BC . The project is run by researchers at the Universities of Edinburgh and Imperial College London with several other … Waller DM, Dole J, Bersch AJ .
Heredity 118, 64–77 (2017). Second, estimates of inbreeding coefficients for the same individuals must be available. Heterozygosity, inbreeding and neonatal traits in Soay sheep on St Kilda. Second, it is possible that experimental studies sometimes actually impose higher levels of stress than organisms experience in the wild. A full color version of this figure is available at the Heredity journal online. 2019 Jan 15;9(3):1255-1267. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4831. Consistent scaling of inbreeding depression in space and time in a house sparrow metapopulation.
Richardson DS, Komdeur J, Burke T . Specifically, we found statistically significant depression associated with an individual’s own FGRM in 4-month weight and hindleg length, and we found inbreeding depression associated with the mother’s FGRM in offspring birth weight and 4-month weight. There are three potential explanations for such small effects. On St Kilda, conditions fluctuate dramatically from year to year, with population density a key determinant of variation in both phenotypic traits and fitness components. -, Beraldi D, McRae AF, Gratten J, Slate J, Visscher PM, Pemberton JM.
Evolution 53: 1259–1267. USA.gov. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. It has previously been pointed out that researchers studying ID × E should consider the opportunity for selection (Waller et al., 2008). The effect of inbreeding (FGRM) on juvenile weight (a and b) and three fitness components in females (c) and males (d). Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/.
Niskanen AK, Billing AM, Holand H, Hagen IJ, Araya-Ajoy YG, Husby A, Rønning B, Myhre AM, Ranke PS, Kvalnes T, Pärn H, Ringsby TH, Lien S, Sæther BE, Muff S, Jensen H. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Note that the only formally significant interactions were in birth weight (interaction between maternal inbreeding and density, P=0.045; see Table 3) and in adult female annual survival (interaction between inbreeding and density, P=0.02; see Table 3) and neither would survive Bonferroni correction. (2009). The rate of inbreeding in this … The rate of inbreeding in this population is generally low, for example, just 0.5% of individuals are inbred at F=0.25 (Figure 1; more details in the Discussion).
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