[120], People rioted. Thousands of Hindus and Muslims were murdered, and tens of thousands were injured in the cycle of violence in the days that followed. The British questioned the Congress party and Gandhi's authority to speak for all of India. Philosopher Martin Buber was highly critical of Gandhi's approach and in 1939 wrote an open letter to him on the subject. [201][203], The Birla House site where Gandhi was assassinated is now a memorial called Gandhi Smriti. [126], After his early release from prison for political crimes in 1924, over the second half of the 1920s, Gandhi continued to pursue swaraj. "[443], Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in India, Gandhi Jayanti. But Kavi's influence was undoubtedly deeper if only because I had come in closest personal touch with him. [405] At the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in 2007, former US Vice-President and environmentalist Al Gore spoke of Gandhi's influence on him.[406]. [143] The British side sought reforms that would keep Indian subcontinent as a colony. Deadly religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities, with 91 in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh alone. [242][243], During World War I (1914–1918), nearing the age of 50, Gandhi supported the British and its allied forces by recruiting Indians to join the British army, expanding the Indian contingent from about 100,000 to over 1.1 million. [423][424] However, in response to an RTI application in 2012, the Government of India stated that the Constitution of India did not permit any titles except ones acquired through education or military service. [158] Gandhi's position was not supported by many Indian leaders, and his campaign against the British war effort was a failure. Gandhi's death helped marshal support for the new government and legitimise the Congress Party's control, leveraged by the massive outpouring of Hindu expressions of grief for a man who had inspired them for decades. [26], During the Boer War, Gandhi volunteered in 1900 to form a group of stretcher-bearers as the Natal Indian Ambulance Corps. [358][359] Tewari states that Gandhi saw democracy as more than a system of government; it meant promoting both individuality and the self-discipline of the community. Given or First names submitted with a single Alphabet is not permitted. [340] Before 1932, he and his associates used the word antyaja for untouchables. The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. If you have a single name, i.e. [183][184] In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, Gandhi was carried into the Birla House, into a bedroom. [335] Nirmalkumar Bose, Gandhi's Bengali interpreter, for example criticised Gandhi, not because Gandhi did anything wrong, but because Bose was concerned about the psychological effect on the women who participated in his experiments.
"Into that Heaven of Freedom: The impact of apartheid on an Indian family's diasporic history", Mohamed M Keshavjee, 2015, by Mawenzi House Publishers, Ltd., Toronto, ON, Canada, For Kallenbach and the naming of Tolstoy Farm, see Vashi, Ashish (31 March 2011), Mary Elizabeth King, "Mohandas K, Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Bequest: Nonviolent Civil Resistance in a Globalized World" in, Prabhu, R. K. and Rao, U. R. [63] The most profound influence on Gandhi were those from Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism, states Parekh, with his thoughts "in harmony with the classical Indian traditions, specially the Advaita or monistic tradition". After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, he moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. The protest at Dharasana salt works on 21 May went ahead without its leader, Gandhi. The same year Gandhi adopted the Indian loincloth, or short dhoti and, in the winter, a shawl, both woven with yarn hand-spun on a traditional Indian spinning wheel, or charkha, as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. Despite health challenges Gandhi was able to walk about 79000 kms in his lifetime which comes to an average of 18 kms per day and is equivalent to walking around the earth twice. Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning khadi in support of the independence movement. [224] Gandhi saw himself a disciple of Tolstoy, for they agreed regarding opposition to state authority and colonialism; both hated violence and preached non-resistance. [182][303] In 1937, Gandhi discussed Zionism with his close Jewish friend Hermann Kallenbach.
[380], Gandhi was a prolific writer. He believed that Christians should introspect on the "true meaning of religion" and get a desire to study and learn from Indian religions in the spirit of universal brotherhood.
Gandhi's father Karamchand was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a Pranami Vaishnava Hindu family. [245], After World War II engulfed Britain, Gandhi actively campaigned to oppose any help to the British war effort and any Indian participation in the war. By moving in 1893 to South Africa he found a solution to this problem and developed the central concepts of his mature philosophy. He committed himself early to truthfulness, temperance, chastity, and vegetarianism. He stated that it led to disdain for manual work, generally created an elite administrative bureaucracy. [436][437], Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi's life. When I receive an email to “Dear Judith Kallos”, I know there is an automated process involved. [260], While Gandhi's idea of satyagraha as a political means attracted a widespread following among Indians, the support was not universal. At UCL, he studied law and jurisprudence and was invited to enroll at Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister. Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hatred for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that, when he heard of Gandhi's assassination, he remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then added, "My real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now". On 9 April, Gandhi was arrested. They fought and died as a part of the Allied forces in Europe, North Africa and various fronts of the World War II. [334] According to the 1960s memoir of his grandniece Manu, Gandhi feared in early 1947 that he and she may be killed by Muslims in the run up to India's independence in August 1947, and asked her when she was 18 years old if she wanted to help him with his experiments to test their "purity", for which she readily accepted. [233] Gandhi grew fond of Hinduism, and referred to the Bhagavad Gita as his spiritual dictionary and greatest single influence on his life. Printable version | Oct 29, 2020 8:42:01 PM | https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/First-name-middle-name-surname...-real-name/article16365535.ece, They keyboard is faster, but not as effective in retaining information as writing is. Your support for our journalism is invaluable. Other than making vegetarian choices, he actively campaigned against dissection studies and experimentation on live animals (vivisection) in the name of science and medical studies. [310] He considered it a violence against animals, something that inflicted pain and suffering. In the song Porter rhymes "Mahatma Gandhi' with "Napoleon Brandy.
This went on for hours until some 300 or more protesters had been beaten, many seriously injured and two killed.
[319][320], Gandhi championed animal rights in general. [364], In an interview with C.F. [277], Gandhi believed that Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism were traditions of Hinduism, with a shared history, rites and ideas. When Mr Trump mispronounced the name of Indian cricket great Sachin Tendulkar, it quickly gained ridicule online. Confusions and complications arise when we are asked to fill in various official forms in our country – first name, middle name, last name, surname, given name are some examples. Gandhism designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted; of central importance is nonviolent resistance. [155][156] Gandhi declared that Sitaramayya's defeat was his defeat. In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers.
This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society.
[421], Indians widely describe Gandhi as the father of the nation. His views on women's rights were less liberal and more similar to puritan-Victorian expectations of women, states Jayawardena, than other Hindu leaders with him who supported economic independence and equal gender rights in all aspects. Although some other members of the committee agreed with Gandhi, the vote was lost and Allinson excluded. [116] Hindu-Muslim communal conflicts reignited. [345][346], In 1935, Ambedkar announced his intentions to leave Hinduism and join Buddhism. He was critical of Christian missionary efforts in British India, because they mixed medical or education assistance with demands that the beneficiary convert to Christianity. One of his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs' ears. ", India, with its rapid economic modernisation and urbanisation, has rejected Gandhi's economics[442] but accepted much of his politics and continues to revere his memory. [344] He accused Gandhi as someone who wished to retain the caste system. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909, became "the intellectual blueprint" for India's independence movement.
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