Amino acid content in soil extract was assessed using ninhydrin (Moore 1968) with a modified method by Lipson and Monson (1998) with alanine as the standard. 1e and f). It is about 2–3%, with the C/N ratio of the soil at 22, at the border with an organic layer, and it increases to 34 at a depth of 50 cm. 99.9 at% of 13C and 15N) and 0.010 M of non-labeled ammonium sulfate solution, whereas ammonium labeled trees received 100 mL 0.010 M of 15N-ammonium sulfate (min. In addition, the amount of N in the soil pools, the plant N (Matsuura and Hirobe 2010), the soil inorganic N, and the decomposition rate (Shugalei and Vedrova 2004) in central Siberia, have been observed. Labeling was done on 28 May 2009. 1997; Anderson et al.
Leaching and denitrification processes are negligible or not significant in our study area, located on the permafrost (Shugalei and Vedrova 2004, Koide et al. Such a distribution is consistent with studies performed in the larch forests in central Siberia (Shugalei and Vedrova 2004). The soil temperature was measured using a thermometer with a data-logger (Tidbit, Onset, USA).
respectively.
Thus, contrary to our expectation, 15N-ammonium was not diluted by the large KCl-extractable soil N pool, but rather by that in the soil solution (9.5 mg N). Nine trees were treated with ammonium sulfate (15NH4 +)2SO4 (min. 1991; Sierra 1997). Experiments were held twice: from 30 June to 2 July, and from 27 to 29 July 2011. The amount of bulk N observed in the organic soil layer was 99 × 103 and 116 × 103 mg N m−2, while the amount in the mineral soil layer was much larger, ranging from 608 × 103 to 866 × 103 mg N m−2. The soil inorganic N pool is known to regulate N availability for plants (Schulze et al. Each observational period presented in Table 1 consists of 1 to 10 individual samplings, although one was a snow sample taken during the winter after the snow cover stabilized. Apparently, the exchange and thus equilibration between adsorbed ammonium and ammonium in the soil solution were slow. The cycle will have no end. To calculate the amount of N per unit area, the soil densities from previous observations were assumed.
The dominant species in the eastern part of the Siberian taiga is Larix cajanderi Mayr (Pozdnyakov 1975). Nine trees were treated with ammonium sulfate (15NH4 +)2SO4 (min.
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Because of the considerable amounts of ammonium and nitrate in the soil pool, dilution of the tracers must be considered. Estimated annual total N deposition was 48 mg N m−2year−1 (Table 1), which was similar to that reported in Makarov (2007) for central Yakutia (1–40 mg N m−2 year−1) and lower than that reported for the Asian part of Russia (50–2.95 × 103 mg N m−2 year−1) (Polischuk et al. Air temperature and precipitation data were obtained through an NCDC NOAA (National Climatic Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) summary-of-the-day web database. Water-extractable ammonium was two to ten times less than KCl-extractable ammonium. 99.9 at% of 13C and 15N) and 0.010 M of non-labeled ammonium sulfate solution, whereas ammonium labeled trees received 100 mL 0.010 M of 15N-ammonium sulfate (min.
Values of N fixation and leaching are not indicated here but are expected to be minor (Shugalei and Vedrova 2004). needle δ15N observed during amino acid and ammonium tracer experiments held from 30 June to 2 July (a, c, and e) and from 27 to 29 July 2009 (b, d, and f), calculated from needle δ15N of each sample tree before the tracer application, ranged from −5.2 to 0.2‰. 2009; Polischuk et al. N availability for plants is a complex question that has a long history in research. After recovering the plates from the soil, they were oven dried at 40°C and kept in plastic bags until analysis.
For the analysis, extraction of ions from resins was done using 2 N hydrochloric acid (HCl). 2011). 2006). This range is wide but still provides an understanding of the magnitude of larch N demand and it covers somewhat that estimated for the central Siberia L. gmelinii stand (1.1 × 103 mg N m−2 year−1) (Tokuchi et al.
2002).
The concentration of inorganic N (the sum of ammonium and nitrate) in throughfall ranged from 0.32 to 139.88 µmol L−1. It increased by August due to increase in the amount of ammonium in the KCl-extractable soil N pool. 1969) accounted for about 110 mg N m−2 year−1.
Therefore, understanding the dynamics of N is fundamental to knowing the effects of global climate change on C cycles in boreal forests. Areas outlined with solid lines represent the following: dark grey, bulk soil N pool; light grey, organic N pool, white, potassium chloride (KCL)-extractable inorganic N pool. The main fluxes and pools of N observed in our study are summarized in Fig. Production of inorganic N was observed using the in situ incubation method. Since the N source for those microorganisms would be inorganic N from the soil pool, a continuous increase in rate of consumption of inorganic N is expected in fall. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves between plants, animals, bacteria, the atmosphere (the air), and soil in the ground. 2000; Lisuzzo et al. The value for denitrification was calculated from Koide et al. The period of observation of soil N was mostly from 2005 to 2011 and intensive observation was conducted during the period from 2009 to 2011. Amino acid content in soil extract was assessed using ninhydrin (Moore 1968) with a modified method by Lipson and Monson (1998) with alanine as the standard.
A similar mechanism might be used by plants to obtain adsorbed N, although the high expense for organic acids production required for it would limit the process.
The Water Cycle is when water vapor goes up into the atmosphere and cools off known as condensation. Thus, there is a discrepancy between the timing of inorganic N production by microorganisms and the seasonal development of the larch, which leads to limitations in N availability for plants.
Open squares indicate potassium chloride (KCl)-extractable inorganic N pool (mineral soil layer 0–50 cm) observed from 2009 to 2011 (data shown in Table 2).
2009), whereas the mechanisms and possible effects of such changes on plant N availability are still not clear.
2011). It should be noted that the year-to-year variations of inorganic N production and consumption rates affect the size and the timing of build-up of the soil inorganic N pool. 10 g of each sample was oven dried at 105°C and used for dry weight estimation. Unlike water-extractable ammonium, nitrate did not show a clear increase from June to August. On Day 26, branches were sampled from the middle part of the labeled trees, and oven dried at 60°C; the needles were then separated. Russian forests are a global sink accounting for 0.13 Pg C per year (Goodale et al. The annual mean precipitation in the study area is quite low, i.e., on average 238 mm (from 1971 to 2000), of which two-thirds occurs in the summer. Figure 2 The relationship between inorganic nitrogen (N) soil pool and soil temperature cumulative degree day. (2010). Previous studies performed in northeastern Siberia demonstrated the importance of water and temperature for plant growth (Maximov et al. (2008) and Shaver and Chapin (1991), nutrient recycling before senescence and new uptake were considered to supply new growing parts. Large seasonal variation in the soil KCl-extractable inorganic N pool was found in the soil mineral layer. The inorganic nitrogen (N) cycle and its dynamics in the soil were observed in the ecosystem at the Spasskaya Pad experimental forest near Yakutsk in northeastern Siberia in order to estimate the N availability for the larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.)
Using the minimum and maximum values described above, in total roughly 850 to 3.1 × 103 mg N m−2 year−1 is the range of demand for above- and belowground production annually by a larch stand only (requirements for needles, above-, and belowground production), which has to be covered by nutrient uptake.
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